Publications
2019 |
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Scott, Christopher A; Hill, A; Wilson, A (Ed.) Pursuing Water Security in Socio-hydrological Systems Journal Article Water Security, Special Issue , 2019. @article{ScottWaterSecurity2019, title = {Pursuing Water Security in Socio-hydrological Systems}, editor = {Christopher A. Scott and A. Hill and A. Wilson}, url = {www.sciencedirect.com/journal/water-security/special-issue/10SKS8SPDX3}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-04-25}, journal = {Water Security}, volume = {Special Issue}, abstract = {Water insecurity is multi-faceted, arising from the challenge of balancing human and environmental water needs. Pursuing water security requires understanding of the dynamic feedbacks between humans and water systems at scales from local to planetary, over days to millennia. In order to better characterize the nature and causes of water (in)security, this special issue of Water Security presents review articles and original case studies that highlight concepts, models, and data analyses linking water security and socio-hydrology. Contributions focus on topics ranging from water security impacts of flooding, water quality including salinity, and social equity, with case material drawn from around the world. Applied articles address agriculture and irrigation, urban, and river systems, with conceptual innovation through citizen science, resilience applications, and evidence-based water governance.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Water insecurity is multi-faceted, arising from the challenge of balancing human and environmental water needs. Pursuing water security requires understanding of the dynamic feedbacks between humans and water systems at scales from local to planetary, over days to millennia. In order to better characterize the nature and causes of water (in)security, this special issue of Water Security presents review articles and original case studies that highlight concepts, models, and data analyses linking water security and socio-hydrology. Contributions focus on topics ranging from water security impacts of flooding, water quality including salinity, and social equity, with case material drawn from around the world. Applied articles address agriculture and irrigation, urban, and river systems, with conceptual innovation through citizen science, resilience applications, and evidence-based water governance. | |
 | Scott, Christopher A; Zhang, Fan; Mukherji, Aditi; Immerzeel, Walter; Mustafa, Daanish; Bharati, Luna Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Book Chapter Bandyopadhyay, Jayanta; Tortajada, Cecilia (Ed.): The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment, Chapter 8, pp. 257-299, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland, 2019, ISBN: 978-3-319-92288-1. @inbook{Scott2019, title = {Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya}, author = {Christopher A. Scott and Fan Zhang and Aditi Mukherji and Walter Immerzeel and Daanish Mustafa and Luna Bharati}, editor = {Jayanta Bandyopadhyay and Cecilia Tortajada}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Scott2019_Chapter_WaterInTheHinduKushHimalaya.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8}, isbn = {978-3-319-92288-1}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-05}, booktitle = {The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment}, issuetitle = {Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People}, pages = {257-299}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland AG}, address = {Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland}, chapter = {8}, institution = {International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)}, organization = {Hindu Kush Himalayan Monitoring and Assessment Programme (HIMAP)}, abstract = {Commonly described as the “water tower for Asia,” the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) plays an important role in ensuring water, food, energy, and environmental security for much of the continent. The HKH is the source of ten major rivers that provide water—while also supporting food and energy production and a range of other ecosystem services—for two billion people across Asia. This chapter takes stock of current scientific knowledge on the availability of water resources in the HKH; the varied components of its water supply; the impact of climate change on future water availability; the components of water demand; and the policy, institutions, and governance challenges for water security in the region.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Commonly described as the “water tower for Asia,” the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) plays an important role in ensuring water, food, energy, and environmental security for much of the continent. The HKH is the source of ten major rivers that provide water—while also supporting food and energy production and a range of other ecosystem services—for two billion people across Asia. This chapter takes stock of current scientific knowledge on the availability of water resources in the HKH; the varied components of its water supply; the impact of climate change on future water availability; the components of water demand; and the policy, institutions, and governance challenges for water security in the region. |
2018 |
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Scott, Christopher A; Staddon, Chad (Ed.) The Global Water Security Challenge: Putting water security to work: addressing global challenges Periodical The Global Water Security Challenge, 43 (8), 2018. @periodical{Scott2018, title = {The Global Water Security Challenge: Putting water security to work: addressing global challenges}, editor = {Christopher A. Scott and Chad Staddon}, url = {www.tandfonline.com/toc/rwin20/43/8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1550353}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-12-11}, issuetitle = {The Global Water Security Challenge}, journal = {Water International }, volume = {43}, number = {8}, abstract = {Over the last decade, the concept of water security has emerged from its origins in a niche of studies of international security and hydropolitics to become a common currency of researchers and policy makers. Indeed, in some quarters it seems even to be supplanting the dominant position hitherto occupied by ‘sustainable water management’, as well as the Integrated Water Resources Management framework. A simple trawl of international water-themed conferences revealed that, as early as 2012, seven used the term ‘security’, while only four used the term ‘sustainability’. Sustainability is, it seems, out of fashion, while security is all the rage. Moreover, problems as otherwise diverse as US–Mexican border relations, undocumented migration into Europe, malnutrition in the global South and growing energy demand have been increasingly reframed as problems of environmental security. Since the 1990s Canadian and American security services have often asserted that environmental change can be a territorial security threat, particularly with regard to growing conflict over scarce resources (‘resource wars’) and in-migration (cf. Homer-Dixon, 1994; Klare, 2001). Global institutions such as FAO, UNEP, UNESCO, the World Water Council, Global Water Partnership, World Bank and World Economic Forum have enthusiastically seized on the concept of water security (Gerlak et al., 2018) – as have regional groupings such as the Gulf Coordination Council and the Asian Development Bank – establishing it as a central organizing principle for water management in the twenty-first century. So, sustainable water, with its Brundtland-era associations with intergenerational equity and the triple bottom line, seems to have shifted to backstage, and water security is now very much ‘in’. This special issue of Water International is predicated on the contention that water security is a concept that upon careful examination reflects a conflict of world views, and with it, of political approaches. Since it appears to be a paradigm for water management in the twenty-first century it is crucially important that users are clear about what it does, and does not, signify. In particular we argue that it is important to better understand the way the concept may be deployed to replace the more democratic water governance implied by ‘sustainable development’ with a state-dominated and ‘territorialist’ form of environmental governmentality. This brief essay introduces the concept of water security in terms of its history and the main themes associated with it, and offers a critical multidisciplinary reconceptualization which could provide needed common ground within a burgeoning discourse already showing signs of friction and rupture. Further analysis and critical reflection on the emergence of water security along with energy and food security are presented by Gerlak et al. (2018), Varady, Albrecht, Gerlak, Zuniga, and Staddon (in press), Staddon and James (2014), and Scott et al. (this issue).}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } Over the last decade, the concept of water security has emerged from its origins in a niche of studies of international security and hydropolitics to become a common currency of researchers and policy makers. Indeed, in some quarters it seems even to be supplanting the dominant position hitherto occupied by ‘sustainable water management’, as well as the Integrated Water Resources Management framework. A simple trawl of international water-themed conferences revealed that, as early as 2012, seven used the term ‘security’, while only four used the term ‘sustainability’. Sustainability is, it seems, out of fashion, while security is all the rage. Moreover, problems as otherwise diverse as US–Mexican border relations, undocumented migration into Europe, malnutrition in the global South and growing energy demand have been increasingly reframed as problems of environmental security. Since the 1990s Canadian and American security services have often asserted that environmental change can be a territorial security threat, particularly with regard to growing conflict over scarce resources (‘resource wars’) and in-migration (cf. Homer-Dixon, 1994; Klare, 2001). Global institutions such as FAO, UNEP, UNESCO, the World Water Council, Global Water Partnership, World Bank and World Economic Forum have enthusiastically seized on the concept of water security (Gerlak et al., 2018) – as have regional groupings such as the Gulf Coordination Council and the Asian Development Bank – establishing it as a central organizing principle for water management in the twenty-first century. So, sustainable water, with its Brundtland-era associations with intergenerational equity and the triple bottom line, seems to have shifted to backstage, and water security is now very much ‘in’. This special issue of Water International is predicated on the contention that water security is a concept that upon careful examination reflects a conflict of world views, and with it, of political approaches. Since it appears to be a paradigm for water management in the twenty-first century it is crucially important that users are clear about what it does, and does not, signify. In particular we argue that it is important to better understand the way the concept may be deployed to replace the more democratic water governance implied by ‘sustainable development’ with a state-dominated and ‘territorialist’ form of environmental governmentality. This brief essay introduces the concept of water security in terms of its history and the main themes associated with it, and offers a critical multidisciplinary reconceptualization which could provide needed common ground within a burgeoning discourse already showing signs of friction and rupture. Further analysis and critical reflection on the emergence of water security along with energy and food security are presented by Gerlak et al. (2018), Varady, Albrecht, Gerlak, Zuniga, and Staddon (in press), Staddon and James (2014), and Scott et al. (this issue). | |
Scott, Christopher A; Albrecht, Tamee; de Grenade, Rafael; Zuniga-Teran, Adriana; Varady, Robert G; Thapa, Bhuwan Water security and the pursuit of food, energy, and earth systems resilience Journal Article Water International, 43 (8), pp. 1055-1074, 2018. @article{Scott2018b, title = {Water security and the pursuit of food, energy, and earth systems resilience}, author = {Christopher A. Scott and Tamee Albrecht and Rafael de Grenade and Adriana Zuniga-Teran and Robert G. Varady and Bhuwan Thapa}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02508060.2018.1534564}, doi = {10.1080/02508060.2018.1534564}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-11-05}, journal = {Water International}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {1055-1074}, abstract = {This article addresses the emergence and interrelation of food, energy, and water security in terms of resource use and the ensuing societal and environmental outcomes. For decades, food security and energy security have been well-accepted, operational concepts. Water security is the latest entrant, yet the implications of water insecurity for food, energy and earth systems resilience have not been adequately considered. This article examines how and why this is so – particularly with growing water scarcity and insecurity that may compete with energy and food security – and emphasizes the critical need to link water-energy-food nexus approaches to earth systems resilience.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This article addresses the emergence and interrelation of food, energy, and water security in terms of resource use and the ensuing societal and environmental outcomes. For decades, food security and energy security have been well-accepted, operational concepts. Water security is the latest entrant, yet the implications of water insecurity for food, energy and earth systems resilience have not been adequately considered. This article examines how and why this is so – particularly with growing water scarcity and insecurity that may compete with energy and food security – and emphasizes the critical need to link water-energy-food nexus approaches to earth systems resilience. | |
2017 |
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 | Borgias, S; Bauer, C Trajectory of a Divided River Basin: law, conflict, and cooperation along Chile’s Maipo River Basin Journal Article Water policy, 20 (1), pp. 127-145, 2017. @article{Borgias2017, title = {Trajectory of a Divided River Basin: law, conflict, and cooperation along Chile’s Maipo River Basin}, author = {S. Borgias and C. Bauer}, url = {https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.250}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-00-00}, journal = {Water policy}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {127-145}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
 | Albrecht, Tamee R; Varady, Robert G; Zuniga-Teran, Adriana A; Gerlak, Andrea K; Staddon, Chad Governing a shared hidden resource: A review of governance mechanisms for transboundary groundwater security Journal Article Water Security, 2 , pp. 43-56, 2017. @article{Albrecht2017, title = {Governing a shared hidden resource: A review of governance mechanisms for transboundary groundwater security}, author = {Tamee R. Albrecht and Robert G. Varady and Adriana A. Zuniga-Teran and Andrea K. Gerlak and Chad Staddon}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Albrecht.etal_.2017.Governing_hiddenResource.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2017.11.002}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-00-00}, journal = {Water Security}, volume = {2}, pages = {43-56}, abstract = {Globally, groundwater is by far the largest store of liquid freshwater, making it a key component of a secure water supply. However, over the past few decades the amount of usable groundwater available around the world has rapidly decreased. This depletion is caused primarily by mismanagement (e.g., overpumping, contamination, and under-regulation), but also by reduced natural recharge due to climate change and urbanization. Management of groundwater resources is particularly challenging for the nearly 600 aquifers that are transboundary, meaning that they extend across international political borders. To understand how governance mechanisms can reduce water insecurity in transboundary groundwater contexts, we review key literature from what we view as the most relevant fields: groundwater management, water security, international water law and international water governance. We then formulate a set of recommendations for improved groundwater governance that can address the specific physical nature of groundwater systems, enhance water security, and apply to transboundary groundwater settings. We argue that groundwater governance in transboundary contexts requires processes that (1) enhance context-specific and flexible international mechanisms; (2) address the perpetual need for groundwater data and information; (3) prioritize the precautionary principle and pollution prevention, in particular; (4) where appropriate, integrate governance of surface and subsurface water and land; and (5) expand institutional capacity, especially of binational or multinational actors.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Globally, groundwater is by far the largest store of liquid freshwater, making it a key component of a secure water supply. However, over the past few decades the amount of usable groundwater available around the world has rapidly decreased. This depletion is caused primarily by mismanagement (e.g., overpumping, contamination, and under-regulation), but also by reduced natural recharge due to climate change and urbanization. Management of groundwater resources is particularly challenging for the nearly 600 aquifers that are transboundary, meaning that they extend across international political borders. To understand how governance mechanisms can reduce water insecurity in transboundary groundwater contexts, we review key literature from what we view as the most relevant fields: groundwater management, water security, international water law and international water governance. We then formulate a set of recommendations for improved groundwater governance that can address the specific physical nature of groundwater systems, enhance water security, and apply to transboundary groundwater settings. We argue that groundwater governance in transboundary contexts requires processes that (1) enhance context-specific and flexible international mechanisms; (2) address the perpetual need for groundwater data and information; (3) prioritize the precautionary principle and pollution prevention, in particular; (4) where appropriate, integrate governance of surface and subsurface water and land; and (5) expand institutional capacity, especially of binational or multinational actors. |
2016 |
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 | Meza, Francisco J; Scott, Christopher A Secure water supply in water-scarce regions Book Chapter Pahl-Wostl, Claudia; Bhaduri, Anik; Gupta, Joyeeta (Ed.): Chapter 15, pp. 239-254, 2016. @inbook{Meza2016, title = {Secure water supply in water-scarce regions}, author = {Francisco J. Meza and Christopher A. Scott}, editor = {Claudia Pahl-Wostl and Anik Bhaduri and Joyeeta Gupta}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-on-water-security}, doi = {10.4337/9781782548010.00022}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-00-00}, pages = {239-254}, chapter = {15}, series = {Handbook of Water Security}, abstract = {Water security has received increasing attention in the scientific and policy community in recent years. This Handbook covers the wide range of perspectives required to understand water security as a concept guiding water governance and management at different levels and in different regions. It reflects on past, present and future challenges to water security and strategies on how to overcome them. An invaluable resource for scientific scholars, it will also appeal policymakers and practitioners interested in a deeper understanding of this important concept.}, type = {Handbook of Water Security}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Water security has received increasing attention in the scientific and policy community in recent years. This Handbook covers the wide range of perspectives required to understand water security as a concept guiding water governance and management at different levels and in different regions. It reflects on past, present and future challenges to water security and strategies on how to overcome them. An invaluable resource for scientific scholars, it will also appeal policymakers and practitioners interested in a deeper understanding of this important concept. |
 | Albrecht, Tamee R; Varady, Robert G; Zuniga-Teran, Adriana A; Gerlak, Andrea K; Staddon, Chad Advancing metrics: Models for understanding adaptive capacity & water security Journal Article Environmental Sustainability , 21 , pp. 52-57, 2016, ISSN: 18773435. @article{Lemos2016, title = {Advancing metrics: Models for understanding adaptive capacity & water security}, author = {Tamee R. Albrecht and Robert G. Varady and Adriana A. Zuniga-Teran and Andrea K. Gerlak and Chad Staddon}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343516300744}, doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.004}, issn = {18773435}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-00-00}, journal = {Environmental Sustainability }, volume = {21}, pages = {52-57}, abstract = {We explore the relationship between water security (WS) and adaptive capacity (AC); the two concepts are connected because achieving the first may be dependent on building the second. We focus on how metrics of WS and AC are operationalized and what implications they may have for short and long-term management. We argue that rather than static conceptualizations of WS and AC, we need to understand what combinations of capacities are needed as a function of how controllable key parameters of WS are and the types of outcomes we seek to achieve. We offer a conceptual model of the relationship between WS and AC to clarify what aspects of human-water interactions each concept emphasizes and suggest a hypothetical example of how decision-makers may use these ideas.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } We explore the relationship between water security (WS) and adaptive capacity (AC); the two concepts are connected because achieving the first may be dependent on building the second. We focus on how metrics of WS and AC are operationalized and what implications they may have for short and long-term management. We argue that rather than static conceptualizations of WS and AC, we need to understand what combinations of capacities are needed as a function of how controllable key parameters of WS are and the types of outcomes we seek to achieve. We offer a conceptual model of the relationship between WS and AC to clarify what aspects of human-water interactions each concept emphasizes and suggest a hypothetical example of how decision-makers may use these ideas. |
 | Díaz-Caravantes, R E; Duarte-Tagles, H; Galvez, Durazo F Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander: Salud, 48 (1), pp. 91-96, 2016. @article{Diaz2016, title = {Amenazas para la salud en el Río Sonora: análisis exploratorio de la calidad del agua reportada en la base de datos oficial de México (Health threats in the Sonora River: exploratory analysis of water quality reported in the official database of Mexico)}, author = {R. E. Díaz-Caravantes and H. Duarte-Tagles and F. Durazo Galvez}, url = {http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistasaluduis/article/view/5406/5655}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v48n1-2016010}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-00-00}, journal = {Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander: Salud}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {91-96}, abstract = {El 6 de agosto de 2014 ocurrió en el Río Sonora, México, lo que fue llamado “el peor desastre ambiental de la industria minera del país” cuando la mina Buenavista del Cobre derramó alrededor de 40,000 metros cúbicos de lixiviado ácido. Con el fin de avanzar en el conocimiento de las consecuencias de este evento, se analizó la base de datos del monitoreo de la calidad del agua subterránea que aparece en el portal electrónico del Fideicomiso Río Sonora. Por las implicaciones que este evento tiene para la salud, los valores reportados se confrontaron con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos en la Norma Oficial Mexicana vigente. Asímismo, para enriquecer la discusión, se analizó el caso del arsénico, comparando los valores reportados en relación con la Norma Mexicana y con la Guía de calidad para el agua de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. On August 6th, 2014, the event labelled as the “worst environmental disaster of the mining industry in Mexico” ocurred in the Sonora River, when Buenavista del Cobre mine spilled around 40,000 cubic meters of an acidic leachate. In order to expand our knowledge of the consequences of this event, the water quality monitoring data base was analyzed for groundwater from the Río Sonora trust fund webpage. Due to the health relevance of the spill, the reported data was compared to the established maximum allowance values of Mexican regulations. Furthermore, for an enhanced discussion, the case of arsenic was also analyzed, comparing the data with Mexican regulations as well as with the WHO guidelines for drinking water.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } El 6 de agosto de 2014 ocurrió en el Río Sonora, México, lo que fue llamado “el peor desastre ambiental de la industria minera del país” cuando la mina Buenavista del Cobre derramó alrededor de 40,000 metros cúbicos de lixiviado ácido. Con el fin de avanzar en el conocimiento de las consecuencias de este evento, se analizó la base de datos del monitoreo de la calidad del agua subterránea que aparece en el portal electrónico del Fideicomiso Río Sonora. Por las implicaciones que este evento tiene para la salud, los valores reportados se confrontaron con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos en la Norma Oficial Mexicana vigente. Asímismo, para enriquecer la discusión, se analizó el caso del arsénico, comparando los valores reportados en relación con la Norma Mexicana y con la Guía de calidad para el agua de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. On August 6th, 2014, the event labelled as the “worst environmental disaster of the mining industry in Mexico” ocurred in the Sonora River, when Buenavista del Cobre mine spilled around 40,000 cubic meters of an acidic leachate. In order to expand our knowledge of the consequences of this event, the water quality monitoring data base was analyzed for groundwater from the Río Sonora trust fund webpage. Due to the health relevance of the spill, the reported data was compared to the established maximum allowance values of Mexican regulations. Furthermore, for an enhanced discussion, the case of arsenic was also analyzed, comparing the data with Mexican regulations as well as with the WHO guidelines for drinking water. |
2015 |
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 | Bauer, Carl J Canto de Sirenas: El Derecho de Aguas Chileno como Modelo para Reformas Book 2, Ocho Libros Editores, Santiago, Chile, 2015, ISBN: 978-956-9370-18-2. @book{Bauer2015, title = {Canto de Sirenas: El Derecho de Aguas Chileno como Modelo para Reformas}, author = {Carl J. Bauer}, editor = {Bakeaz}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/Canto-sirenas-derecho-reformas-internacionales-ebook/dp/B07H2BB426}, isbn = {978-956-9370-18-2}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-00-00}, publisher = {Ocho Libros Editores}, address = {Santiago, Chile}, edition = {2}, abstract = {La política de aguas en Chile a partir de las transformaciones impuestas por el régimen dictatorial son las más liberales del mundo, y motivo de análisis en facultades de todo el orbe. Las ventajas prometidas por el modelo,que se desprende de la lectura de este libro, no pasan de ser cantos de sirena.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } La política de aguas en Chile a partir de las transformaciones impuestas por el régimen dictatorial son las más liberales del mundo, y motivo de análisis en facultades de todo el orbe. Las ventajas prometidas por el modelo,que se desprende de la lectura de este libro, no pasan de ser cantos de sirena. |
 | Meza, Francisco J; Vicuña, S; Gironás, J; Poblete, D; Suárez, F Water-Food-Energy Nexus in Chile: A framework to analyze current status and detect global change challenges in different regional contexts Journal Article Water International, Special Issue: Sustainability in the water–energy–food nexus, 40 , pp. 5-6, 2015. @article{Meza2015, title = {Water-Food-Energy Nexus in Chile: A framework to analyze current status and detect global change challenges in different regional contexts}, author = {Francisco J. Meza and S. Vicuña and J. Gironás and D. Poblete and F. Suárez}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Water-food-energy-nexus-in-Chile-the-challenges-due-to-global-change-in-different-regional-contexts.pdf}, doi = {10.1080/02508060.2015.1087797}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-00-00}, journal = {Water International, Special Issue: Sustainability in the water–energy–food nexus}, volume = {40}, pages = {5-6}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2014 |
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 | Alatorre, L C; Diaz, R E; Miramontes, S; Bravo, L C; Sánchez, E Spatial and Temporal Evolution of the Static Water Level of the Cuauhtemoc Aquifer during the Years 1973, 1991 and 2010: A Geographical Approach Journal Article Journal of Geographic Information System, 6 , pp. 572-584, 2014. @article{Alatorre2014, title = {Spatial and Temporal Evolution of the Static Water Level of the Cuauhtemoc Aquifer during the Years 1973, 1991 and 2010: A Geographical Approach}, author = {L.C. Alatorre and R.E. Diaz and S. Miramontes and L.C. Bravo and E. Sánchez}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/JGIS_Alatorreetal_2014.pdf}, doi = {10.4236/jgis.2014.65047}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-00-00}, journal = {Journal of Geographic Information System}, volume = {6}, pages = {572-584}, abstract = {In hydrogeology it is of great interest to examine the temporal and spatial evolution of aquifers. There are different ways of modeling an aquifer: physical models, models based on analog and mathematical techniques. Usually, mathematical techniques involve complex operations difficult to understand for some people, such as differential or partial equations. In contrast, our method requires only a basic knowledge of geometry and trigonometry. Moreover, it is only necessary to know the static level of the aquifer at three different dates. Of course, the results may be limited compared to those that use advanced mathematical methods; however, our method provides a first approximation to determine the behavior of the aquifer through time. Overall, our results allowed us to follow the evolution of the aquifer in detail of various areas of increased extraction and in which removal has been increasing, but also of areas with a considerable recharge during the study period.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In hydrogeology it is of great interest to examine the temporal and spatial evolution of aquifers. There are different ways of modeling an aquifer: physical models, models based on analog and mathematical techniques. Usually, mathematical techniques involve complex operations difficult to understand for some people, such as differential or partial equations. In contrast, our method requires only a basic knowledge of geometry and trigonometry. Moreover, it is only necessary to know the static level of the aquifer at three different dates. Of course, the results may be limited compared to those that use advanced mathematical methods; however, our method provides a first approximation to determine the behavior of the aquifer through time. Overall, our results allowed us to follow the evolution of the aquifer in detail of various areas of increased extraction and in which removal has been increasing, but also of areas with a considerable recharge during the study period. |
 | Díaz-Caravantes, R E; Wilder, M Water, Cities and Peri-urban Communities: Geographies of Power in the Context of Drought in Northwest Mexico Journal Article Water Alternatives, 7 (3), pp. 499–517, 2014, ISSN: 1965-0175. @article{Díaz-Caravantes2014, title = {Water, Cities and Peri-urban Communities: Geographies of Power in the Context of Drought in Northwest Mexico}, author = {R. E. Díaz-Caravantes and M. Wilder}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Diaz-CaravantesWilder.2014.Water_cities_Drought_NorthwestMexico.pdf}, issn = {1965-0175}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-00-00}, journal = {Water Alternatives}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {499–517}, abstract = {The urban-peri-urban interaction is frequently studied with a focus on the necessities of urban expansion, chronicling the concerns of land annexation, housing construction and infrastructure. However, in arid regions such as Mexicoʼs drought-prone northwest, the research on peri-urban issues must increasingly focus on the under-examined issue of the power geometries that are reshaping the contours of access to water in fastgrowing areas. This paper examines geographies of power of the urban-rural interface in Sonora, Mexico. Focused in the political ecology framework, we compare the success of Hermosilloʼs water supply projects while analysing some cases of peri-urban water users and grouping them into three general types: negotiation, passiveness and resistance, with large powerful water users, referred to in this paper as 'counterpoint cases'. We argue that urban water augmentation strategies reveal a distinct set of urban-peri-urban relations of unequal social power where peri-urban water resources are transferred to urban areas; reflecting, over the last three decades (1981-2010), the demands of powerful, politically connected urban populations and large irrigation districts. While during the same period, peri-urban small-scale communal farmers or ejidatarios lost access to their water as it was moved or used to supply the needs of Hermosilloʼs expansion.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The urban-peri-urban interaction is frequently studied with a focus on the necessities of urban expansion, chronicling the concerns of land annexation, housing construction and infrastructure. However, in arid regions such as Mexicoʼs drought-prone northwest, the research on peri-urban issues must increasingly focus on the under-examined issue of the power geometries that are reshaping the contours of access to water in fastgrowing areas. This paper examines geographies of power of the urban-rural interface in Sonora, Mexico. Focused in the political ecology framework, we compare the success of Hermosilloʼs water supply projects while analysing some cases of peri-urban water users and grouping them into three general types: negotiation, passiveness and resistance, with large powerful water users, referred to in this paper as 'counterpoint cases'. We argue that urban water augmentation strategies reveal a distinct set of urban-peri-urban relations of unequal social power where peri-urban water resources are transferred to urban areas; reflecting, over the last three decades (1981-2010), the demands of powerful, politically connected urban populations and large irrigation districts. While during the same period, peri-urban small-scale communal farmers or ejidatarios lost access to their water as it was moved or used to supply the needs of Hermosilloʼs expansion. |
2013 |
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 | Scott, Christopher A; Meza, Francisco J; Varady, Robert G; Tiessen, Holm; McEvoy, Jamie; Garfin, Gregg M; Wilder, Margaret; Farfán, Luis M; Pablos, Nicolás Pineda; Montaña, Elma Water security and adaptive management in the arid Americas Journal Article Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103 (2), pp. 280-289, 2013. @article{Scott2013, title = {Water security and adaptive management in the arid Americas}, author = {Christopher A. Scott and Francisco J. Meza and Robert G. Varady and Holm Tiessen and Jamie McEvoy and Gregg M. Garfin and Margaret Wilder and Luis M. Farfán and Nicolás Pineda Pablos and Elma Montaña}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Water-Security-and-Adaptive-Management-in-the-Arid-Americas.pdf}, doi = {10.1080/00045608.2013.754660}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-00-00}, journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {280-289}, abstract = {Societal use of freshwater, ecosystems’ dependence on water, and hydroclimatic processes interact dynamically. Changes in any of these subsystems can cause unpredictable feedback, resulting in water insecurity for humans and ecosystems. By drawing on resilience theory, we extend current productive–destructive framings of water security to better address societal–ecosystem–hydroclimatic (SEH) interactions, dynamics, and uncertainties that drive insecurity but also offer response opportunities. Strengthening water security in this sense requires strategies that (1) conceptually and practically interlink SEH subsystems; (2) recognize extreme conditions and thresholds; and (3) plan for water security via structured exchanges between researchers and decision makers in ways that account for institutions and governance frameworks. Through scrutiny of case evidence from water-scarce regions in western North America and the Central Andes, we assert that ensuring water security requires adaptive management (interactive planning that accounts for uncertainties, initiates responses, and iteratively assesses outcomes). Researchers and stakeholders from these regions are pursuing a multiyear series of workshops that promote science-based decision making while factoring in the political implications of water planning. This study briefly reviews an emerging water security initiative for the arid Americas that aims to enhance understanding of adaptive approaches to strengthen water security. Finally, by synthesizing efforts in the arid Americas, we offer insights for other water-insecure regions.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Societal use of freshwater, ecosystems’ dependence on water, and hydroclimatic processes interact dynamically. Changes in any of these subsystems can cause unpredictable feedback, resulting in water insecurity for humans and ecosystems. By drawing on resilience theory, we extend current productive–destructive framings of water security to better address societal–ecosystem–hydroclimatic (SEH) interactions, dynamics, and uncertainties that drive insecurity but also offer response opportunities. Strengthening water security in this sense requires strategies that (1) conceptually and practically interlink SEH subsystems; (2) recognize extreme conditions and thresholds; and (3) plan for water security via structured exchanges between researchers and decision makers in ways that account for institutions and governance frameworks. Through scrutiny of case evidence from water-scarce regions in western North America and the Central Andes, we assert that ensuring water security requires adaptive management (interactive planning that accounts for uncertainties, initiates responses, and iteratively assesses outcomes). Researchers and stakeholders from these regions are pursuing a multiyear series of workshops that promote science-based decision making while factoring in the political implications of water planning. This study briefly reviews an emerging water security initiative for the arid Americas that aims to enhance understanding of adaptive approaches to strengthen water security. Finally, by synthesizing efforts in the arid Americas, we offer insights for other water-insecure regions. |
2012 |
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 | Scott, Christopher A; Varady, Robert G; Meza, Francisco; Montaña, Elma; de Raga, Graciela B; Luckman, Brian; Martius, Christopher Science-policy dialogues for water security: Addressing vulnerability and adaptation to global change in the arid Americas Journal Article Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 54 (3), pp. 30-42, 2012, ISBN: ISBN 978-956-351-091-1. @article{Scott2012, title = {Science-policy dialogues for water security: Addressing vulnerability and adaptation to global change in the arid Americas}, author = {Christopher A. Scott and Robert G. Varady and Francisco Meza and Elma Montaña and Graciela B. de Raga and Brian Luckman and Christopher Martius}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Science-Policy-Dialogues-for-Water-Security-Addressing-Vulnerability-and-Adaptation-to-Global-Change-in-the-Arid-Americas.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2012.673454}, isbn = {ISBN 978-956-351-091-1}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-00-00}, journal = {Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {30-42}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
 | Montaña, Elma Escenarios de cambio ambiental global, escenarios de pobreza rural: Una mirada desde el territorio Book CLACSO-CROP, C1101AAX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2012, ISBN: 978-987-1543-XX-X. @book{Montana2012, title = {Escenarios de cambio ambiental global, escenarios de pobreza rural: Una mirada desde el territorio}, author = {Elma Montaña}, editor = {Emir Sader}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Escenarios-de-cambio-ambiental-global-escenarios-de-pobreza-rural-Montana-2012.pdf}, isbn = {978-987-1543-XX-X}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-00-00}, publisher = {CLACSO-CROP}, address = {C1101AAX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina}, abstract = {En tierras secas, la agricultura y los asentamientos humanos solo son posibles gracias al aprovechamiento sistemático de los ríos. Esto se materializa en la construcción de sistemas de riego que dan origen a oasis, que aparecen como islas verdes en vastos océanos de aridez. Se trata de una configuración territorial de fuertes contrastes. Los oasis, a pesar de lo exiguo de su superficie, albergan a la gran mayoría de la población y concentran gran parte de las actividades económicas de mercado. Es allí donde se localizan los dinamismos de estas economías y desde donde ejercen su influencia los actores locales más poderosos. Salvo por las actividades extractivas que se desarrollan en enclaves alejados, en las zonas no irrigadas solo se encuentra escasa población dispersa dedicada a actividades de subsistencia y afectada por graves procesos de desertificación. Vistas desde el oasis, las tierras no irrigadas aparecen como territorios “vacíos”, “despoblados”, “improductivos” que se constituyen en verdaderos “espacios invisibles” (Montaña et al., 2005) que no tienen cabida en el imaginario de las sociedades locales y, por tanto, no figuran entre sus prioridades. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } En tierras secas, la agricultura y los asentamientos humanos solo son posibles gracias al aprovechamiento sistemático de los ríos. Esto se materializa en la construcción de sistemas de riego que dan origen a oasis, que aparecen como islas verdes en vastos océanos de aridez. Se trata de una configuración territorial de fuertes contrastes. Los oasis, a pesar de lo exiguo de su superficie, albergan a la gran mayoría de la población y concentran gran parte de las actividades económicas de mercado. Es allí donde se localizan los dinamismos de estas economías y desde donde ejercen su influencia los actores locales más poderosos. Salvo por las actividades extractivas que se desarrollan en enclaves alejados, en las zonas no irrigadas solo se encuentra escasa población dispersa dedicada a actividades de subsistencia y afectada por graves procesos de desertificación. Vistas desde el oasis, las tierras no irrigadas aparecen como territorios “vacíos”, “despoblados”, “improductivos” que se constituyen en verdaderos “espacios invisibles” (Montaña et al., 2005) que no tienen cabida en el imaginario de las sociedades locales y, por tanto, no figuran entre sus prioridades. |
2010 |
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 | Silva, Daniel; Meza, Francisco J; Varas, Eduardo Estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using numerical weather forecast data in central Chile Journal Article Journal of Hydrology, 382 , pp. 64-71, 2010. @article{Silva2010, title = {Estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using numerical weather forecast data in central Chile}, author = {Daniel Silva and Francisco J. Meza and Eduardo Varas}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Silva-Meza-Varas-2010-Ref-evapotrans-central-ChileJHY.pdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.018}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-00-00}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {382}, pages = {64-71}, abstract = {Water demand at a basin level is influenced by many factors such meteorological variables, soil moisture, vegetation type and irrigation system. Among them, climate is the major driver, because weather conditions determine energy balances and vapor pressure deficits that affect the magnitudes of vapor flux from surface to atmosphere. Monitoring evaporation is a great challenge since specific and costly equipments are required. As an alternative, agronomists and engineers use semi-empirical equations such as the Penman–Monteith formula to estimate potential evapotranspiration based on surface weather observations. Unfortunately weather stations are scarce and do not always have the instrumentation to measure relevant variables for its calculation. In this work, we evaluate the use of numerical weather forecasts, obtained from MM5 model, as proxy for surface meteorological data with the specific objective of using them to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the Maipo river basin. We compared three procedures to obtain ETo: (a) Raw MM5 estimates of latent heat flux; (b) calculation of ETo from Penman–Monteith equation, using raw MM5 outputs of weather variables; and (c) calculation of ETo from Penman–Monteith using MOS-corrected MM5 weather data. We used class A pan evaporation data and estimates of ETo using observed daily surface data to evaluate the precision of each method. We found that the estimation of ETo based on MOS-corrected weather variables is usually the most effective method to estimate reference evapotranspiration. Since MM5 outputs in this region are available at 25 km grids, the number of monitoring sites can be increased substantially, improving the ability to capture spatial variability of water demands in the basin.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Water demand at a basin level is influenced by many factors such meteorological variables, soil moisture, vegetation type and irrigation system. Among them, climate is the major driver, because weather conditions determine energy balances and vapor pressure deficits that affect the magnitudes of vapor flux from surface to atmosphere. Monitoring evaporation is a great challenge since specific and costly equipments are required. As an alternative, agronomists and engineers use semi-empirical equations such as the Penman–Monteith formula to estimate potential evapotranspiration based on surface weather observations. Unfortunately weather stations are scarce and do not always have the instrumentation to measure relevant variables for its calculation. In this work, we evaluate the use of numerical weather forecasts, obtained from MM5 model, as proxy for surface meteorological data with the specific objective of using them to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the Maipo river basin. We compared three procedures to obtain ETo: (a) Raw MM5 estimates of latent heat flux; (b) calculation of ETo from Penman–Monteith equation, using raw MM5 outputs of weather variables; and (c) calculation of ETo from Penman–Monteith using MOS-corrected MM5 weather data. We used class A pan evaporation data and estimates of ETo using observed daily surface data to evaluate the precision of each method. We found that the estimation of ETo based on MOS-corrected weather variables is usually the most effective method to estimate reference evapotranspiration. Since MM5 outputs in this region are available at 25 km grids, the number of monitoring sites can be increased substantially, improving the ability to capture spatial variability of water demands in the basin. |
2009 |
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 | Silva, Daniel O; Meza, Francisco J; Varas, Eduardo Use of mesoscale model MM5 forecasts as proxies for surface meteorological and agroclimatic variables Journal Article Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 36 , pp. 369-380, 2009. @article{Silva2009, title = {Use of mesoscale model MM5 forecasts as proxies for surface meteorological and agroclimatic variables}, author = {Daniel O. Silva and Francisco J. Meza and Eduardo Varas}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Use_of_mesoscale_model_MM5_forecasts_as_proxies_fo.pdf}, doi = {10.4067/S0718-16202009000300004}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-09-00}, journal = {Ciencia e Investigación Agraria}, volume = {36}, pages = {369-380}, abstract = {There is increasing interest in meteorological information and its application to strategic planning at the farm as well as regional level. Although we have recently seen signifi cant improvements to strengthen and enlarge networks of weather observations, their density is still insuffi cient to cover large extents at the desired spatial and temporal resolution. Climate scientists have developed and used mesoscale models to understand and predict future atmospheric conditions. These models represent a major contribution to objective weather forecasts throughout numerical simulations. They use global circulation outputs as boundary conditions and can be run in a nested manner so as to increase their spatial resolution. Because of this, we can obtain information about weather variables in grid cells spaced 15 km apart covering important areas and providing information in places where analog or automatic stations are not available. The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of raw data from the MM5 mesoscale model as well as MOS-corrected information (a statistical post-processing of MM5 outputs) as a proxy for surface meteorological data. Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and daily solar radiation forecasts were evaluated for eleven stations in the Maipo river basin. In all cases, the MOS forecast produced better results than the raw MM5 data. Determination coeffi cients reached values near 0.9, and the RMSE was usually smaller for MOS-corrected data. The small variability of the MOS parameters allows their use as regional values to estimate meteorological data for the whole region, particularly at a weekly time step. En la actualidad existe un interés creciente por contar con información meteorológica que permita la gestión de la producción agrícola y el manejo de recursos naturales tanto a nivel de predio como a escala regional. A pesar que se han hecho esfuerzos considerables por fortalecer y expandir las redes de monitoreo meteorológico, todavía su densidad es insuficiente para proveer de información regional con el nivel de frecuencia y representatividad espacial deseado. Climatólogos y meteorólogos han desarrollado y empleado los modelos de simulación de meso-escala con el fin de mejorar la comprensión de los fenómenos meteorológicos y predecir el comportamiento de la atmósfera. Dichos modelos son alimentados por los resultados de modelos de mayor envergadura (Modelos de Circulación Global) quienes entregan las condiciones de inicio para que los modelos de mesoescala aumenten la resolución espacial mediante un sistema de ejecución anidado. Como resultado se logra obtener información climática en celdas que están espaciadas por 15 km. Esto es promisorio ya que tal densidad espacial tiene la capacidad de generar información en lugares donde no existen sistemas de monitoreo activos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de los resultados del modelos de meso escala MM5 a través de cuantificar la capacidad de reproducir condiciones meteorológicas observadas, tanto los resultados directos del modelo MM5 como también valores corregidos en base a un procesamiento estadístico conocido como MOS. Se seleccionaron 11 estaciones meteorológicas pertenecientes a la cuenca del Maipo y se evaluaron variables como temperatura, velocidad del viento, humedad relativa y radiación solar. Los resultados muestran que los procesamientos estadísticos posteriores mejoran notablemente las estimaciones iniciales llegando a mostrar coeficientes de determinación de hasta 0,9 (p = 0,01). Además se observa que los parámetros de las ecuaciones de regresión son similares entre estaciones, lo que abre la posibilidad de usar valores únicos de ellos para generar estimaciones regionales de variables meteorológicas y agroclimáticas particularmente a escalas de tiempo semanal.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } There is increasing interest in meteorological information and its application to strategic planning at the farm as well as regional level. Although we have recently seen signifi cant improvements to strengthen and enlarge networks of weather observations, their density is still insuffi cient to cover large extents at the desired spatial and temporal resolution. Climate scientists have developed and used mesoscale models to understand and predict future atmospheric conditions. These models represent a major contribution to objective weather forecasts throughout numerical simulations. They use global circulation outputs as boundary conditions and can be run in a nested manner so as to increase their spatial resolution. Because of this, we can obtain information about weather variables in grid cells spaced 15 km apart covering important areas and providing information in places where analog or automatic stations are not available. The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of raw data from the MM5 mesoscale model as well as MOS-corrected information (a statistical post-processing of MM5 outputs) as a proxy for surface meteorological data. Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and daily solar radiation forecasts were evaluated for eleven stations in the Maipo river basin. In all cases, the MOS forecast produced better results than the raw MM5 data. Determination coeffi cients reached values near 0.9, and the RMSE was usually smaller for MOS-corrected data. The small variability of the MOS parameters allows their use as regional values to estimate meteorological data for the whole region, particularly at a weekly time step. En la actualidad existe un interés creciente por contar con información meteorológica que permita la gestión de la producción agrícola y el manejo de recursos naturales tanto a nivel de predio como a escala regional. A pesar que se han hecho esfuerzos considerables por fortalecer y expandir las redes de monitoreo meteorológico, todavía su densidad es insuficiente para proveer de información regional con el nivel de frecuencia y representatividad espacial deseado. Climatólogos y meteorólogos han desarrollado y empleado los modelos de simulación de meso-escala con el fin de mejorar la comprensión de los fenómenos meteorológicos y predecir el comportamiento de la atmósfera. Dichos modelos son alimentados por los resultados de modelos de mayor envergadura (Modelos de Circulación Global) quienes entregan las condiciones de inicio para que los modelos de mesoescala aumenten la resolución espacial mediante un sistema de ejecución anidado. Como resultado se logra obtener información climática en celdas que están espaciadas por 15 km. Esto es promisorio ya que tal densidad espacial tiene la capacidad de generar información en lugares donde no existen sistemas de monitoreo activos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de los resultados del modelos de meso escala MM5 a través de cuantificar la capacidad de reproducir condiciones meteorológicas observadas, tanto los resultados directos del modelo MM5 como también valores corregidos en base a un procesamiento estadístico conocido como MOS. Se seleccionaron 11 estaciones meteorológicas pertenecientes a la cuenca del Maipo y se evaluaron variables como temperatura, velocidad del viento, humedad relativa y radiación solar. Los resultados muestran que los procesamientos estadísticos posteriores mejoran notablemente las estimaciones iniciales llegando a mostrar coeficientes de determinación de hasta 0,9 (p = 0,01). Además se observa que los parámetros de las ecuaciones de regresión son similares entre estaciones, lo que abre la posibilidad de usar valores únicos de ellos para generar estimaciones regionales de variables meteorológicas y agroclimáticas particularmente a escalas de tiempo semanal. |
 | Meza, Francisco; Silva, Daniel Dynamic adaptation of maize and wheat production to climate change Journal Article Climatic Change, 94 (1), pp. 143–156, 2009. @article{Meza2009, title = {Dynamic adaptation of maize and wheat production to climate change}, author = {Francisco Meza and Daniel Silva}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dynamic_adaptation_of_maize_and_wheat_production_t.pdf}, doi = {10.1007/s10584-009-9544-z}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-02-04}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {143–156}, abstract = {Agriculture represents the main source of livelihood for small scale farmers, and a significant fraction of the gross domestic product in the case of intensive commercial agriculture. Because crop performance at the end of a growing season is strongly linked to the observed meteorological conditions, agricultural systems have been one of the main subjects of analysis to understand the impacts of both climatic variability and climatic change. As climate scientists make progress understanding the key elements of the atmosphere and provide with better projections of climate change scenarios, more effort is devoted to impact assessment and the evaluation of adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of crops and farmers. The objective of this work was to document the impacts of climate change on maize and wheat yields in Chile as well as to describe the dynamics of adaptation (i.e. changes in management decisions over time) that will take place, considering that farmers can “learn” from previous crop yield outcomes. Yield outcomes were obtained using a crop simulation model run under climate change scenarios based on HadCM3 projections. A simple decision model for a risk neutral farmer was used to investigate changes in optimum management decisions over time. Maize showed yield reductions in the order of 5% to 10%. Under irrigation, the best alternative for adaptation corresponded to adjustments in sowing dates. In the case of winter wheat significant yield reductions were observed for the no adaptation case. Because this crop showed positive responses to the increase of carbon dioxide, adaptation strategies were very effective counterbalancing the impacts of a warmer and drier environment. Dynamic adaptation was referred here to the introduction of small adjustments in management based on previous observed changes in productivity. This type of adaptation strategy outperformed prescriptive decisions based on historical or projected climate change scenarios, since it was sufficiently flexible to maintain near optimum economic performance over time, as climate varied from baseline to projected future conditions.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Agriculture represents the main source of livelihood for small scale farmers, and a significant fraction of the gross domestic product in the case of intensive commercial agriculture. Because crop performance at the end of a growing season is strongly linked to the observed meteorological conditions, agricultural systems have been one of the main subjects of analysis to understand the impacts of both climatic variability and climatic change. As climate scientists make progress understanding the key elements of the atmosphere and provide with better projections of climate change scenarios, more effort is devoted to impact assessment and the evaluation of adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of crops and farmers. The objective of this work was to document the impacts of climate change on maize and wheat yields in Chile as well as to describe the dynamics of adaptation (i.e. changes in management decisions over time) that will take place, considering that farmers can “learn” from previous crop yield outcomes. Yield outcomes were obtained using a crop simulation model run under climate change scenarios based on HadCM3 projections. A simple decision model for a risk neutral farmer was used to investigate changes in optimum management decisions over time. Maize showed yield reductions in the order of 5% to 10%. Under irrigation, the best alternative for adaptation corresponded to adjustments in sowing dates. In the case of winter wheat significant yield reductions were observed for the no adaptation case. Because this crop showed positive responses to the increase of carbon dioxide, adaptation strategies were very effective counterbalancing the impacts of a warmer and drier environment. Dynamic adaptation was referred here to the introduction of small adjustments in management based on previous observed changes in productivity. This type of adaptation strategy outperformed prescriptive decisions based on historical or projected climate change scenarios, since it was sufficiently flexible to maintain near optimum economic performance over time, as climate varied from baseline to projected future conditions. |
2008 |
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 | Montaña, Elma Central Andes Foothill Farmers Facing Global Environmental Change Journal Article IHDP Update, 2 , pp. 36-40, 2008, ISSN: 1727-155X . @article{Montana2008, title = {Central Andes Foothill Farmers Facing Global Environmental Change}, author = {Elma Montaña}, editor = {International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change}, url = {http://aquasec.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Central-Andes-Foothill-Farmers-Facing-Global-Environmental-Change-Montana-2008.pdf}, issn = {1727-155X }, year = {2008}, date = {2008-10-00}, journal = {IHDP Update}, volume = {2}, pages = {36-40}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
0000 |
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Scott, Christopher A; Ogden, K (Ed.) The Nexus of Renewable Energy, Water, and Food Systems Periodical Forthcoming The Nexus of Renewable Energy, Water, and Food Systems, Forthcoming, ISSN: 1996-1073. @periodical{Scott2019b, title = {The Nexus of Renewable Energy, Water, and Food Systems}, editor = {Christopher A. Scott and K. Ogden}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/nexus_energy_water_food}, issn = {1996-1073}, issuetitle = {The Nexus of Renewable Energy, Water, and Food Systems}, journal = {Energies}, abstract = {A Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of The Nexus of Renewable Energy, Water, and Food Systems. Interactions among energy, water, and food systems represent grand global challenges in the Anthropocene era. Renewable energy transitions--including innovation, design, adoption, operation, maintenance, societal demand and opposition, economics, institutions, and policies--constitute key areas of research, particularly in relation to water and food systems.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {forthcoming}, tppubtype = {periodical} } A Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of The Nexus of Renewable Energy, Water, and Food Systems. Interactions among energy, water, and food systems represent grand global challenges in the Anthropocene era. Renewable energy transitions--including innovation, design, adoption, operation, maintenance, societal demand and opposition, economics, institutions, and policies--constitute key areas of research, particularly in relation to water and food systems. | |
Vieira, R; Tucci, C; Scott, Christopher A (Ed.) Water and Climate Modeling in Large Basins Periodical Water and Climate Modeling in Large Basins, 4 , 0000. @periodical{Scott2018c, title = {Water and Climate Modeling in Large Basins}, editor = {R. Vieira and C. Tucci and Christopher A. Scott}, issuetitle = {Water and Climate Modeling in Large Basins}, journal = {Associação Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos}, volume = {4}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } | |
